vision alive 1997

AfterStep Window Maker

Window Maker was created in 1997 by Alfredo Kojima as a clean-room rewrite after he grew frustrated with the limitations of AfterStep. It became the intended window manager for the GNUstep desktop environment.

What it is

Written from scratch in C using Xlib directly (not based on FVWM code), Window Maker implemented the WINGs widget toolkit for its own interface elements. It featured dockapps (small applet applications that dock into the interface), multiple workspaces, and a preferences utility (WPrefs) that was itself a GNUstep application.

The story

Alfredo Kojima, a Brazilian programmer and one of AfterStep's core developers, became frustrated with the inability to implement desired features within AfterStep's FVWM-derived architecture. In 1997, rather than continuing to modify AfterStep, he started Window Maker as a clean-room rewrite, designed from the ground up to faithfully reproduce the NeXTSTEP user interface while serving as the official window manager for the GNUstep project.

Window Maker quickly gained popularity for its faithful recreation of NeXTSTEP's look and feel, including appicons for minimized windows, a dock for launching applications, and the clip for workspace management. It was included as a default option in several Linux distributions during the late 1990s and early 2000s, including some versions of Red Hat Linux.

The last release under the original developers was 0.92.0 in 2005, after which development stalled. In 2012, Carlos R. Mafra, who had been maintaining a fork on Git, released Window Maker 0.95.1, reviving the project with modern improvements.

Timeline

Alfredo Kojima begins Window Maker as a clean-room rewrite

Window Maker included in several Linux distributions

Last release (0.92.0) under original developers

Project revived by Carlos R. Mafra with version 0.95.1

Key people

Alfredo Kojima
Creator and lead developer
Dan Pascu
Major contributor
Carlos R. Mafra
Revival maintainer (from 2012)

Impact

Window Maker represented a second-generation fork (twm -> FVWM -> AfterStep -> Window Maker) that surpassed its parent in popularity. It preserved the NeXTSTEP interface paradigm in the open source world and became the standard companion for GNUstep development.

Lesson: Sometimes the best fork is a complete rewrite. Kojima's decision to start fresh rather than continue modifying AfterStep's FVWM-derived codebase produced a cleaner, more maintainable result. The project also shows that forks can go dormant and be revived years later by new maintainers.

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